Identifying Gaps in Technical Training for Mobile Home HVAC Work

Identifying Gaps in Technical Training for Mobile Home HVAC Work

How SEER Ratings Impact Energy Efficiency in Mobile Homes

Mobile homes, also known as manufactured homes, present a unique set of characteristics and challenges when it comes to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. These challenges necessitate specialized technical training for HVAC technicians who work in this niche field. Understanding these distinct aspects is essential for identifying gaps in current training programs and developing strategies to address them effectively.


One of the primary unique characteristics of mobile home HVAC systems is the limited space available for installation and maintenance. Mobile homes are designed to be compact and efficient, which means that HVAC systems must be tailored to fit into smaller spaces without compromising on performance. Professional inspection is necessary before installing a new HVAC unit mobile home hvac duct crawl space. This often requires the use of specially designed units that differ from those used in traditional residential settings. Technicians need to be well-versed in these specific models and their installation requirements to ensure optimal functionality.


Another critical aspect is the structural differences inherent in mobile homes compared to conventional houses. The construction materials and techniques used can significantly impact how HVAC systems are installed and maintained. For example, mobile homes typically have lighter frames and different insulation standards, which can affect thermal performance and energy efficiency. Technicians must understand these variations to effectively diagnose issues or recommend suitable upgrades that align with both energy efficiency goals and structural limitations.


Additionally, mobile homes may frequently change locations, putting additional stress on HVAC systems due to varying climate conditions or physical movement during transportation. This mobility introduces challenges such as ensuring secure connections that withstand transit vibrations or adapting systems quickly for different environmental demands without causing damage or inefficiencies.


Given these distinctive features of mobile home HVAC systems, there is a clear need for targeted technical training that addresses these specificities. However, several gaps exist in the current training landscape:




  1. Limited Curriculum Focus: Many general HVAC training programs do not offer modules specifically dedicated to mobile home systems. There is often an assumption that skills are transferable from standard residential units, which overlooks the nuances involved.




  2. Lack of Hands-On Experience: Due to fewer opportunities or resources dedicated exclusively to mobile home environments within training programs, technicians might lack practical experience with real-world scenarios they will encounter on the job.




  3. Insufficient Emphasis on Energy Efficiency: As energy costs rise and sustainability becomes a priority, understanding how best to optimize energy use within the confines of a mobile home's structure is crucial yet underrepresented in many curricula.




  4. Inadequate Coverage of Mobility Challenges: Training rarely covers how transportability affects system integrity or operational adjustments necessary post-relocation-an oversight given its relevance for maintaining system longevity across various settings.




To bridge these gaps effectively requires concerted efforts from educational institutions offering HVAC certifications alongside industry stakeholders such as manufacturers specializing in products tailored for manufactured housing markets:



  • Developing Specialized Modules: Incorporating detailed courses focusing solely on mobile home specifics could greatly enhance technician preparedness.

  • Promoting Continuing Education Programs: Offering workshops or seminars focusing specifically on advancements related directly towards improving service delivery within this sector would keep practitioners updated with evolving best practices.

  • Collaborating with Manufacturers: Engaging product developers who design equipment explicitly meant for use inside manufactured dwellings ensures trainees receive firsthand insights regarding new technologies available along with effective utilization techniques thereof.


By addressing these identified shortcomings head-on through strategic educational enhancements coupled alongside proactive industry collaboration efforts aimed squarely at equipping professionals adequately suited towards meeting demands posed uniquely by working inside today's ever-evolving landscape surrounding modern-day manufactured housing solutions we stand poised ready more than ever capable tackling whatever future holds store moving forwards together collectively

The importance of technical training in mobile home HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) cannot be overstated. With the unique challenges that mobile homes present due to their structural differences from traditional homes, specialized training becomes essential for technicians working in this niche field. Identifying gaps in this technical training is crucial for ensuring efficiency, safety, and optimal performance of HVAC systems in mobile homes.


Mobile homes often have limited space and different construction materials compared to conventional houses. This requires HVAC systems to be specifically designed and installed to accommodate these constraints. Technicians must understand these unique requirements through targeted training that addresses the distinct characteristics of mobile home environments. Without proper education on these differences, technicians may inadvertently apply standard methods unsuitable for mobile home HVAC systems, leading to inefficiencies or even failures.


One significant gap in current technical training is the lack of focus on the specific installation challenges posed by mobile homes. For example, ductwork in a mobile home often needs unique configurations due to space limitations, which are not typically covered in general HVAC courses. Training programs need to incorporate modules that address such specific scenarios, equipping technicians with the knowledge they need to implement effective solutions.


Another gap lies in understanding the impact of geographical and climatic factors on mobile home HVAC systems. Mobile homes are prevalent across various regions with diverse climates; thus, technicians should be trained to consider local environmental conditions when installing or repairing systems. A comprehensive approach that includes climate-specific strategies will enhance system reliability and customer satisfaction.


Energy efficiency is also an area where improved technical training can make a substantial difference. Mobile homes often face energy conservation issues due to less insulation compared to traditional buildings. Technicians should receive training focused on maximizing energy efficiency within these constraints through modern technologies and techniques like smart thermostats or high-efficiency heat pumps tailored for compact spaces.


Safety concerns add another layer of complexity requiring specialized knowledge-particularly in older mobile homes where outdated wiring and ventilation systems might pose hazards if not appropriately managed during HVAC work. Training programs must prioritize safety protocols relevant to both new installations and retrofitting existing equipment.


In conclusion, while general HVAC skills provide a foundation for working with heating and cooling systems across various types of housing, the peculiarities of mobile homes demand additional expertise through dedicated technical training. By identifying and addressing gaps related specifically to installation challenges, climate considerations, energy efficiency measures, and safety protocols within mobile home contexts, we can ensure that technicians are well-prepared to deliver high-quality service tailored precisely for this unique sector of residential living spaces.

Regional Utility Companies Offer Tips on Efficient Mobile Home Cooling Methods

Regional Utility Companies Offer Tips on Efficient Mobile Home Cooling Methods

In recent years, regional utility companies have increasingly turned their attention to the unique challenges of cooling mobile homes efficiently.. These homes often struggle with temperature regulation, given their construction and positioning, which can lead to excessive energy use and high utility bills during the hot summer months.

Posted by on 2024-12-29

Experts Stress Importance of Certified Technicians in Mobile Home Heating Repairs

Experts Stress Importance of Certified Technicians in Mobile Home Heating Repairs

As the chill of winter approaches, ensuring that your mobile home’s heating system is in optimal condition becomes a top priority.. A malfunctioning heater can turn cozy evenings into miserable nights, making it imperative to have a reliable professional at hand.

Posted by on 2024-12-29

Choosing the Right SEER Rating for Your Mobile Home HVAC System

In the rapidly evolving landscape of mobile home HVAC systems, the demand for effective installation, maintenance, and repair has never been more pressing. As technological advancements continue to shape the industry, specialized training emerges as a critical component in ensuring that technicians are adequately equipped to meet these demands. Identifying gaps in technical training is crucial to bridging the divide between current capabilities and future needs.


The importance of specialized training cannot be overstated when it comes to HVAC work in mobile homes. Unlike traditional housing, mobile homes present unique challenges due to their distinct structural designs and space limitations. Technicians must possess not only a robust understanding of HVAC systems but also the ability to adapt their skills to these specific environments. This necessitates training programs that are tailored specifically for mobile home scenarios, focusing on practical problem-solving and hands-on experience.


One of the most significant gaps in current technical training lies in its often generalized approach. Many programs offer a broad overview of HVAC systems without delving into the nuances required for different types of dwellings. As a result, technicians may find themselves ill-prepared when faced with the intricacies of mobile home installations or repairs. Addressing this gap requires an educational shift towards more specialized curricula that emphasize real-world applications relevant to mobile homes.


Moreover, ongoing maintenance and repair are integral aspects where specialized training plays an essential role. Mobile home HVAC systems can suffer from unique wear and tear due to factors like transportation vibrations or limited space affecting airflow dynamics. Without targeted training that addresses these specific issues, technicians might resort to generic solutions that fail to resolve underlying problems effectively.


To bridge these gaps, a multifaceted approach is necessary. First, collaboration between industry experts and educational institutions can lead to the development of comprehensive courses designed specifically for mobile home HVAC work. These courses should incorporate case studies and fieldwork opportunities that simulate real-life scenarios technicians will encounter in their careers.


Second, embracing technology as a tool for learning can enhance training effectiveness. Virtual reality (VR) simulations or augmented reality (AR) tools can provide immersive experiences where trainees practice diagnosing and fixing issues within virtual replicas of mobile homes before tackling them in reality.


Finally, fostering a culture of continuous learning is vital as technology continues evolving at breakneck speed; what is cutting-edge today may become obsolete tomorrow. Encouraging technicians' participation in workshops or certification programs helps ensure they remain up-to-date with emerging trends while honing existing skills further through lifelong education initiatives offered by professional associations dedicated specifically towards advancing knowledge within this niche field such as NATE (North American Technician Excellence).


In conclusion: Specialized training stands out as indispensable amidst increasing complexities associated with modern-day heating ventilation air conditioning tasks performed inside manufactured housing units across America today - making identification elimination existing deficiencies paramount if we truly wish empower workforce capable successfully adapting ever-changing demands placed upon shoulders those entrusted responsibility installing maintaining repairing such vital components our daily lives depend so heavily upon!

Choosing the Right SEER Rating for Your Mobile Home HVAC System

Factors Influencing SEER Rating Effectiveness in Mobile Homes

The current state of technical training programs for mobile home HVAC work reflects a broader trend within the skilled trades sector, one where rapid technological advancements and industry demands often outpace the educational infrastructure designed to support them. As we navigate the complexities inherent in maintaining and repairing HVAC systems in mobile homes, it becomes increasingly evident that identifying gaps in technical training is crucial for ensuring both efficiency and safety.


Mobile home HVAC systems present unique challenges due to their compact design and specific environmental needs. Unlike traditional residential HVAC units, those installed in mobile homes must account for space constraints and varying levels of insulation. Consequently, technicians require specialized skills that are not typically covered in standard HVAC training programs. This gap highlights a significant issue: many technical courses remain tailored to conventional housing models, failing to equip students with the nuanced understanding necessary for effectively servicing mobile home systems.


Moreover, as the industry evolves with new technologies such as smart thermostats and energy-efficient models, there is a pressing need for continuous education among professionals. Yet, many existing programs lack modules on these innovations or fail to integrate practical training with theoretical learning adequately. This disconnect leaves technicians underprepared for real-world applications where they must troubleshoot complex systems quickly and accurately.


Another critical gap lies in the accessibility of these training programs. Often concentrated in urban areas or affiliated with larger educational institutions, prospective technicians from rural or underserved communities face significant barriers when seeking out comprehensive training opportunities. This geographic disparity contributes to a shortage of qualified professionals capable of addressing mobile home HVAC issues across different regions.


To address these gaps effectively, technical training programs must undergo thoughtful restructuring. Incorporating curriculum updates that emphasize both traditional skills and emerging technologies is essential. Additionally, partnerships between educational institutions and industry leaders can facilitate more hands-on learning experiences through apprenticeships or workshops specifically focused on mobile home environments.


Furthermore, expanding access through online platforms or satellite campuses could democratize education for aspiring technicians nationwide. By doing so, we not only bolster workforce readiness but also enhance service quality across diverse locales.


In conclusion, while there are promising developments within technical training sectors aimed at modernizing curricula and methodologies, significant work remains to align educational offerings with market realities fully. Identifying and addressing gaps in technical training for mobile home HVAC work is imperative-not just for fostering career growth among technicians-but also ensuring optimal living conditions within this unique housing segment. As stakeholders collaborate towards these goals, they pave the way for a more robust and responsive service industry capable of adapting to future challenges efficiently.

Comparing SEER Ratings Across Different Mobile Home Cooling Systems

In today's rapidly evolving world of technology and construction, the demand for skilled HVAC technicians, particularly those specializing in mobile home systems, has never been greater. Mobile homes present unique challenges in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning due to their distinct structural and spatial characteristics. As such, the need for comprehensive training programs and certifications tailored specifically to this niche is paramount. However, upon examining the existing landscape of training opportunities available for mobile home HVAC technicians, it becomes evident that there are significant gaps that need addressing.


Firstly, while there are numerous general HVAC certification programs available nationally and regionally, few focus specifically on the nuances associated with mobile homes. Standard HVAC systems in traditional housing often differ substantially from those used in mobile homes regarding size constraints, energy efficiency requirements, and installation techniques. This discrepancy means that technicians trained under generic programs may find themselves ill-equipped when faced with the unique challenges posed by mobile home environments.


Moreover, many existing training modules tend to emphasize theoretical knowledge over hands-on experience. While understanding principles of thermodynamics or fluid dynamics is undoubtedly beneficial, it does not necessarily translate into practical competence-especially in environments as specific as mobile homes where space management and innovative problem-solving are critical. Therefore, a more balanced approach incorporating realistic simulations or fieldwork experiences could better prepare technicians for real-world scenarios.


Another gap lies in ongoing education and specialization opportunities. The HVAC industry is continuously advancing with new technologies such as smart thermostats or eco-friendly refrigerants becoming more commonplace. Yet many training programs do not offer continuing education courses that focus on these advancements within the context of mobile homes. This lack of continuous learning pathways limits a technician's ability to stay current with best practices or emerging technologies pertinent to their field.


Furthermore, a review of certification options reveals an inconsistency in recognizing skills acquired through varied routes of learning-be it apprenticeships or vocational schooling versus formal degree programs. Such inconsistency can lead to disparities in employment opportunities and career progression for technicians who may have substantial practical expertise but lack conventional academic credentials.


Addressing these gaps requires a concerted effort from educational institutions, industry stakeholders, and regulatory bodies alike. Developing specialized curricula that address both the theoretical foundations and practical applications relevant to mobile home HVAC systems is crucial. Additionally, establishing clear standards for certification that recognize diverse learning paths can help ensure all competent technicians have access to equal opportunities within this burgeoning sector.


In conclusion, while current training programs provide a foundational understanding of HVAC systems broadly speaking, they fall short when it comes to preparing individuals specifically for work within mobile homes-a sector characterized by its own set of complexities and demands. By acknowledging these shortcomings and working collaboratively towards creating more targeted educational resources and pathways for professional development within this realm; we can better equip our workforce to meet today's challenges head-on while paving the way for future innovations in residential climate control solutions tailored specifically towards mobile living spaces.

Tips for Maintaining Optimal Performance of High-SEER Rated Systems

In the ever-evolving world of mobile home HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) work, identifying skill gaps in current training programs is essential for ensuring that technicians are well-equipped to meet modern demands. As technology advances and environmental standards tighten, the need for skilled professionals who can effectively service and install HVAC systems in mobile homes becomes increasingly critical. Therefore, assessing the current state of training programs to pinpoint deficiencies is a necessary step towards enhancing both individual capabilities and overall industry standards.


The first step in identifying skill gaps is conducting a comprehensive analysis of existing training curricula. This involves evaluating whether the content covers all essential areas of expertise required by contemporary HVAC professionals. For instance, new energy-efficient technologies and smart home integrations are becoming standard features in many mobile homes. Training programs must therefore include modules on these innovations to ensure technicians are not left behind as the industry progresses.


Another important aspect is assessing the practical skills imparted during training sessions. While theoretical knowledge forms the foundation of any technical career, hands-on experience remains irreplaceable. Many current programs may lack sufficient opportunities for trainees to engage with real-world scenarios or work with state-of-the-art equipment commonly used in today's market. Ensuring that practical exercises mirror actual job conditions can help bridge this gap significantly.


Furthermore, feedback from industry professionals plays a crucial role in identifying skill gaps. Engaging with employers and experienced technicians provides invaluable insights into what specific skills are lacking among new entrants to the field. This collaborative approach allows for adjustments to be made that align educational outcomes more closely with employer expectations and industry needs.


Continuous professional development should also be emphasized within training frameworks. The HVAC sector is characterized by rapid technological advancements; thus, fostering an environment where continuous learning is encouraged ensures that technicians remain adaptable and competent throughout their careers. Establishing partnerships between training institutions and manufacturers can facilitate access to updated information regarding new products or regulatory changes.


Finally, soft skills such as communication, problem-solving, and customer service should not be overlooked when identifying skill gaps in technical training for mobile home HVAC work. Technicians often interact directly with clients; therefore, possessing strong interpersonal abilities enhances customer satisfaction and builds trust within communities.


In conclusion, identifying skill gaps in current technical training programs for mobile home HVAC work requires a multifaceted approach involving curriculum evaluation, practical experience assessments, stakeholder engagement, ongoing professional development initiatives, and attention to soft skills enhancement. By addressing these areas comprehensively, we can equip future generations of technicians with the knowledge they need while simultaneously raising industry standards-ultimately benefiting both workers themselves as well as homeowners relying on their expertise every day.

Room air distribution is characterizing how air is introduced to, flows through, and is removed from spaces.[1] HVAC airflow in spaces generally can be classified by two different types: mixing (or dilution) and displacement.

Mixing systems

[edit]

Mixing systems generally supply air such that the supply air mixes with the room air so that the mixed air is at the room design temperature and humidity. In cooling mode, the cool supply air, typically around 55 °F (13 °C) (saturated) at design conditions, exits an outlet at high velocity. The high-velocity supply air stream causes turbulence causing the room air to mix with the supply air. Because the entire room is near-fully mixed, temperature variations are small while the contaminant concentration is fairly uniform throughout the entire room. Diffusers are normally used as the air outlets to create the high-velocity supply air stream. Most often, the air outlets and inlets are placed in the ceiling. Supply diffusers in the ceiling are fed by fan coil units in the ceiling void or by air handling units in a remote plant room. The fan coil or handling unit takes in return air from the ceiling void and mix this with fresh air and cool, or heat it, as required to achieve the room design conditions. This arrangement is known as 'conventional room air distribution'.[2]

Outlet types

[edit]
  • Group A1: In or near the ceiling that discharge air horizontally[3]
  • Group A2: Discharging horizontally that are not influenced by an adjacent surface[3]
  • Group B: In or near the floor that discharge air vertically in a linear jet[3]
  • Group C: In or near the floor that discharge air vertically in a spreading jet[3]
  • Group D: In or near the floor that discharge air horizontally[3]
  • Group E: Project supply air vertically downward[3]

Displacement ventilation

[edit]

Displacement ventilation systems supply air directly to the occupied zone. The air is supplied at low velocities to cause minimal induction and mixing. This system is used for ventilation and cooling of large high spaces, such as auditorium and atria, where energy may be saved if only the occupied zone is treated rather than trying to control the conditions in the entire space.

Displacement room airflow presents an opportunity to improve both the thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) of the occupied space. It also takes advantage of the difference in air density between an upper contaminated zone and a lower clean zone. Cool air is supplied at low velocity into the lower zone. Convection from heat sources creates vertical air motion into the upper zone where high-level return inlets extract the air. In most cases these convection heat sources are also the contamination sources (e.g., people, equipment, or processes), thereby carrying the contaminants up to the upper zone, away from the occupants.

The displacement outlets are usually located at or near the floor with the air supply designed so the air flows smoothly across the floor. Where there is a heat source (such as people, lighting, computers, electrical equipment, etc.) the air will rise, pulling the cool supply air up with it and moving contaminants and heat from the occupied zone to the return or exhaust grilles above. By doing so, the air quality in the occupied zone is generally superior to that achieved with mixing room air distribution.

Since the conditioned air is supplied directly into the occupied space, supply air temperatures must be higher than mixing systems (usually above 63 °F or 17 °C) to avoid cold draughts at the floor. By introducing the air at supply air temperatures close to the room temperature and low outlet velocity a high level of thermal comfort can be provided with displacement ventilation.

See also

[edit]
  • Dilution (equation)
  • Duct (HVAC)
  • HVAC
  • Lev door
  • Underfloor air distribution
  • Indoor air quality
  • Thermal comfort
  • Air conditioning
  • ASHRAE
  • SMACNA

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Fundamentals volume of the ASHRAE Handbook, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2005
  2. ^ Designer's Guide to Ceiling-Based Room Air Diffusion, Rock and Zhu, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA, 2002
  3. ^ a b c d e f ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, 2021

 

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Sick building syndrome
Specialty Environmental medicine, immunology Edit this on Wikidata

Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a condition in which people develop symptoms of illness or become infected with chronic disease from the building in which they work or reside.[1] In scientific literature, SBS is also known as building-related illness (BRI), building-related symptoms (BRS), or idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI).

The main identifying observation is an increased incidence of complaints of such symptoms as headache, eye, nose, and throat irritation, fatigue, dizziness, and nausea. The 1989 Oxford English Dictionary defines SBS in that way.[2] The World Health Organization created a 484-page tome on indoor air quality 1984, when SBS was attributed only to non-organic causes, and suggested that the book might form a basis for legislation or litigation.[3]

The outbreaks may or may not be a direct result of inadequate or inappropriate cleaning.[2] SBS has also been used to describe staff concerns in post-war buildings with faulty building aerodynamics, construction materials, construction process, and maintenance.[2] Some symptoms tend to increase in severity with the time people spend in the building, often improving or even disappearing when people are away from the building.[2][4] The term SBS is also used interchangeably with "building-related symptoms", which orients the name of the condition around patients' symptoms rather than a "sick" building.[5]

Attempts have been made to connect sick building syndrome to various causes, such as contaminants produced by outgassing of some building materials, volatile organic compounds (VOC), improper exhaust ventilation of ozone (produced by the operation of some office machines), light industrial chemicals used within, and insufficient fresh-air intake or air filtration (see "Minimum efficiency reporting value").[2] Sick building syndrome has also been attributed to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, an attribution about which there are inconsistent findings.[6]

Signs and symptoms

[edit]
An air quality monitor

Human exposure to aerosols has a variety of adverse health effects.[7] Building occupants complain of symptoms such as sensory irritation of the eyes, nose, or throat; neurotoxic or general health problems; skin irritation; nonspecific hypersensitivity reactions; infectious diseases;[8] and odor and taste sensations.[9] Poor lighting has caused general malaise.[10]

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis has been associated with the presence of fungi and bacteria in the moist air of residential houses and commercial offices.[11] A study in 2017 correlated several inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract with objective evidence of damp-caused damage in homes.[12]

The WHO has classified the reported symptoms into broad categories, including mucous-membrane irritation (eye, nose, and throat irritation), neurotoxic effects (headaches, fatigue, and irritability), asthma and asthma-like symptoms (chest tightness and wheezing), skin dryness and irritation, and gastrointestinal complaints.[13]

Several sick occupants may report individual symptoms that do not seem connected. The key to discovery is the increased incidence of illnesses in general with onset or exacerbation in a short period, usually weeks. In most cases, SBS symptoms are relieved soon after the occupants leave the particular room or zone.[14] However, there can be lingering effects of various neurotoxins, which may not clear up when the occupant leaves the building. In some cases, including those of sensitive people, there are long-term health effects.[15]

Cause

[edit]

ASHRAE has recognized that polluted urban air, designated within the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s air quality ratings as unacceptable, requires the installation of treatment such as filtration for which the HVAC practitioners generally apply carbon-impregnated filters and their likes. Different toxins will aggravate the human body in different ways. Some people are more allergic to mold, while others are highly sensitive to dust. Inadequate ventilation will exaggerate small problems (such as deteriorating fiberglass insulation or cooking fumes) into a much more serious indoor air quality problem.[10]

Common products such as paint, insulation, rigid foam, particle board, plywood, duct liners, exhaust fumes and other chemical contaminants from indoor or outdoor sources, and biological contaminants can be trapped inside by the HVAC AC system. As this air is recycled using fan coils the overall oxygenation ratio drops and becomes harmful. When combined with other stress factors such as traffic noise and poor lighting, inhabitants of buildings located in a polluted urban area can quickly become ill as their immune system is overwhelmed.[10]

Certain VOCs, considered toxic chemical contaminants to humans, are used as adhesives in many common building construction products. These aromatic carbon rings / VOCs can cause acute and chronic health effects in the occupants of a building, including cancer, paralysis, lung failure, and others. Bacterial spores, fungal spores, mold spores, pollen, and viruses are types of biological contaminants and can all cause allergic reactions or illness described as SBS. In addition, pollution from outdoors, such as motor vehicle exhaust, can enter buildings, worsen indoor air quality, and increase the indoor concentration of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.[16] Adult SBS symptoms were associated with a history of allergic rhinitis, eczema and asthma.[17]

A 2015 study concerning the association of SBS and indoor air pollutants in office buildings in Iran found that, as carbon dioxide increased in a building, nausea, headaches, nasal irritation, dyspnea, and throat dryness also rose.[10] Some work conditions have been correlated with specific symptoms: brighter light, for example was significantly related to skin dryness, eye pain, and malaise.[10] Higher temperature is correlated with sneezing, skin redness, itchy eyes, and headache; lower relative humidity has been associated with sneezing, skin redness, and eye pain.[10]

In 1973, in response to the oil crisis and conservation concerns, ASHRAE Standards 62-73 and 62-81 reduced required ventilation from 10 cubic feet per minute (4.7 L/s) per person to 5 cubic feet per minute (2.4 L/s) per person, but this was found to be a contributing factor to sick building syndrome.[18] As of the 2016 revision, ASHRAE ventilation standards call for 5 to 10 cubic feet per minute of ventilation per occupant (depending on the occupancy type) in addition to ventilation based on the zone floor area delivered to the breathing zone.[19]

Workplace

[edit]

Excessive work stress or dissatisfaction, poor interpersonal relationships and poor communication are often seen to be associated with SBS, recent[when?] studies show that a combination of environmental sensitivity and stress can greatly contribute to sick building syndrome.[15][citation needed]

Greater effects were found with features of the psycho-social work environment including high job demands and low support. The report concluded that the physical environment of office buildings appears to be less important than features of the psycho-social work environment in explaining differences in the prevalence of symptoms. However, there is still a relationship between sick building syndrome and symptoms of workers regardless of workplace stress.[20]

Specific work-related stressors are related with specific SBS symptoms. Workload and work conflict are significantly associated with general symptoms (headache, abnormal tiredness, sensation of cold or nausea). While crowded workspaces and low work satisfaction are associated with upper respiratory symptoms.[21] Work productivity has been associated with ventilation rates, a contributing factor to SBS, and there's a significant increase in production as ventilation rates increase, by 1.7% for every two-fold increase of ventilation rate.[22] Printer effluent, released into the office air as ultra-fine particles (UFPs) as toner is burned during the printing process, may lead to certain SBS symptoms.[23][24] Printer effluent may contain a variety of toxins to which a subset of office workers are sensitive, triggering SBS symptoms.[25]

Specific careers are also associated with specific SBS symptoms. Transport, communication, healthcare, and social workers have highest prevalence of general symptoms. Skin symptoms such as eczema, itching, and rashes on hands and face are associated with technical work. Forestry, agriculture, and sales workers have the lowest rates of sick building syndrome symptoms.[26]

From the assessment done by Fisk and Mudarri, 21% of asthma cases in the United States were caused by wet environments with mold that exist in all indoor environments, such as schools, office buildings, houses and apartments. Fisk and Berkeley Laboratory colleagues also found that the exposure to the mold increases the chances of respiratory issues by 30 to 50 percent.[27] Additionally, studies showing that health effects with dampness and mold in indoor environments found that increased risk of adverse health effects occurs with dampness or visible mold environments.[28]

Milton et al. determined the cost of sick leave specific for one business was an estimated $480 per employee, and about five days of sick leave per year could be attributed to low ventilation rates. When comparing low ventilation rate areas of the building to higher ventilation rate areas, the relative risk of short-term sick leave was 1.53 times greater in the low ventilation areas.[29]

Home

[edit]

Sick building syndrome can be caused by one's home. Laminate flooring may release more SBS-causing chemicals than do stone, tile, and concrete floors.[17] Recent redecorating and new furnishings within the last year are associated with increased symptoms; so are dampness and related factors, having pets, and cockroaches.[17] Mosquitoes are related to more symptoms, but it is unclear whether the immediate cause of the symptoms is the mosquitoes or the repellents used against them.[17]

Mold

[edit]

Sick building syndrome may be associated with indoor mold or mycotoxin contamination. However, the attribution of sick building syndrome to mold is controversial and supported by little evidence.[30][31][32]

Indoor temperature

[edit]

Indoor temperature under 18 °C (64 °F) has been shown to be associated with increased respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, increased blood levels, and increased hospitalization.[33]

Diagnosis

[edit]

While sick building syndrome (SBS) encompasses a multitude of non-specific symptoms, building-related illness (BRI) comprises specific, diagnosable symptoms caused by certain agents (chemicals, bacteria, fungi, etc.). These can typically be identified, measured, and quantified.[34] There are usually four causal agents in BRi: immunologic, infectious, toxic, and irritant.[34] For instance, Legionnaire's disease, usually caused by Legionella pneumophila, involves a specific organism which could be ascertained through clinical findings as the source of contamination within a building.[34]

Prevention

[edit]
  • Reduction of time spent in the building
  • If living in the building, moving to a new place
  • Fixing any deteriorated paint or concrete deterioration
  • Regular inspections to indicate for presence of mold or other toxins
  • Adequate maintenance of all building mechanical systems
  • Toxin-absorbing plants, such as sansevieria[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][excessive citations]
  • Roof shingle non-pressure cleaning for removal of algae, mold, and Gloeocapsa magma
  • Using ozone to eliminate the many sources, such as VOCs, molds, mildews, bacteria, viruses, and even odors. However, numerous studies identify high-ozone shock treatment as ineffective despite commercial popularity and popular belief.
  • Replacement of water-stained ceiling tiles and carpeting
  • Only using paints, adhesives, solvents, and pesticides in well-ventilated areas or only using these pollutant sources during periods of non-occupancy
  • Increasing the number of air exchanges; the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers recommend a minimum of 8.4 air exchanges per 24-hour period
  • Increased ventilation rates that are above the minimum guidelines[22]
  • Proper and frequent maintenance of HVAC systems
  • UV-C light in the HVAC plenum
  • Installation of HVAC air cleaning systems or devices to remove VOCs and bioeffluents (people odors)
  • Central vacuums that completely remove all particles from the house including the ultrafine particles (UFPs) which are less than 0.1 μm
  • Regular vacuuming with a HEPA filter vacuum cleaner to collect and retain 99.97% of particles down to and including 0.3 micrometers
  • Placing bedding in sunshine, which is related to a study done in a high-humidity area where damp bedding was common and associated with SBS[17]
  • Lighting in the workplace should be designed to give individuals control, and be natural when possible[42]
  • Relocating office printers outside the air conditioning boundary, perhaps to another building
  • Replacing current office printers with lower emission rate printers[43]
  • Identification and removal of products containing harmful ingredients

Management

[edit]

SBS, as a non-specific blanket term, does not have any specific cause or cure. Any known cure would be associated with the specific eventual disease that was cause by exposure to known contaminants. In all cases, alleviation consists of removing the affected person from the building associated. BRI, on the other hand, utilizes treatment appropriate for the contaminant identified within the building (e.g., antibiotics for Legionnaire's disease).[citation needed]

Improving the indoor air quality (IAQ) of a particular building can attenuate, or even eliminate, the continued exposure to toxins. However, a Cochrane review of 12 mold and dampness remediation studies in private homes, workplaces and schools by two independent authors were deemed to be very low to moderate quality of evidence in reducing adult asthma symptoms and results were inconsistent among children.[44] For the individual, the recovery may be a process involved with targeting the acute symptoms of a specific illness, as in the case of mold toxins.[45] Treating various building-related illnesses is vital to the overall understanding of SBS. Careful analysis by certified building professionals and physicians can help to identify the exact cause of the BRI, and help to illustrate a causal path to infection. With this knowledge one can, theoretically, remediate a building of contaminants and rebuild the structure with new materials. Office BRI may more likely than not be explained by three events: "Wide range in the threshold of response in any population (susceptibility), a spectrum of response to any given agent, or variability in exposure within large office buildings."[46]

Isolating any one of the three aspects of office BRI can be a great challenge, which is why those who find themselves with BRI should take three steps, history, examinations, and interventions. History describes the action of continually monitoring and recording the health of workers experiencing BRI, as well as obtaining records of previous building alterations or related activity. Examinations go hand in hand with monitoring employee health. This step is done by physically examining the entire workspace and evaluating possible threats to health status among employees. Interventions follow accordingly based on the results of the Examination and History report.[46]

Epidemiology

[edit]

Some studies have found that women have higher reports of SBS symptoms than men.[17][10] It is not entirely clear, however, if this is due to biological, social, or occupational factors.

A 2001 study published in the Journal Indoor Air, gathered 1464 office-working participants to increase the scientific understanding of gender differences under the Sick Building Syndrome phenomenon.[47] Using questionnaires, ergonomic investigations, building evaluations, as well as physical, biological, and chemical variables, the investigators obtained results that compare with past studies of SBS and gender. The study team found that across most test variables, prevalence rates were different in most areas, but there was also a deep stratification of working conditions between genders as well. For example, men's workplaces tend to be significantly larger and have all-around better job characteristics. Secondly, there was a noticeable difference in reporting rates, specifically that women have higher rates of reporting roughly 20% higher than men. This information was similar to that found in previous studies, thus indicating a potential difference in willingness to report.[47]

There might be a gender difference in reporting rates of sick building syndrome, because women tend to report more symptoms than men do. Along with this, some studies have found that women have a more responsive immune system and are more prone to mucosal dryness and facial erythema. Also, women are alleged by some to be more exposed to indoor environmental factors because they have a greater tendency to have clerical jobs, wherein they are exposed to unique office equipment and materials (example: blueprint machines, toner-based printers), whereas men often have jobs based outside of offices.[48]

History

[edit]

In the late 1970s, it was noted that nonspecific symptoms were reported by tenants in newly constructed homes, offices, and nurseries. In media it was called "office illness". The term "sick building syndrome" was coined by the WHO in 1986, when they also estimated that 10–30% of newly built office buildings in the West had indoor air problems. Early Danish and British studies reported symptoms.

Poor indoor environments attracted attention. The Swedish allergy study (SOU 1989:76) designated "sick building" as a cause of the allergy epidemic as was feared. In the 1990s, therefore, extensive research into "sick building" was carried out. Various physical and chemical factors in the buildings were examined on a broad front.

The problem was highlighted increasingly in media and was described as a "ticking time bomb". Many studies were performed in individual buildings.

In the 1990s "sick buildings" were contrasted against "healthy buildings". The chemical contents of building materials were highlighted. Many building material manufacturers were actively working to gain control of the chemical content and to replace criticized additives. The ventilation industry advocated above all more well-functioning ventilation. Others perceived ecological construction, natural materials, and simple techniques as a solution.

At the end of the 1990s came an increased distrust of the concept of "sick building". A dissertation at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm 1999 questioned the methodology of previous research, and a Danish study from 2005 showed these flaws experimentally. It was suggested that sick building syndrome was not really a coherent syndrome and was not a disease to be individually diagnosed, but a collection of as many as a dozen semi-related diseases. In 2006 the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare recommended in the medical journal Läkartidningen that "sick building syndrome" should not be used as a clinical diagnosis. Thereafter, it has become increasingly less common to use terms such as sick buildings and sick building syndrome in research. However, the concept remains alive in popular culture and is used to designate the set of symptoms related to poor home or work environment engineering. Sick building is therefore an expression used especially in the context of workplace health.

Sick building syndrome made a rapid journey from media to courtroom where professional engineers and architects became named defendants and were represented by their respective professional practice insurers. Proceedings invariably relied on expert witnesses, medical and technical experts along with building managers, contractors and manufacturers of finishes and furnishings, testifying as to cause and effect. Most of these actions resulted in sealed settlement agreements, none of these being dramatic. The insurers needed a defense based upon Standards of Professional Practice to meet a court decision that declared that in a modern, essentially sealed building, the HVAC systems must produce breathing air for suitable human consumption. ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, currently with over 50,000 international members) undertook the task of codifying its indoor air quality (IAQ) standard.

ASHRAE empirical research determined that "acceptability" was a function of outdoor (fresh air) ventilation rate and used carbon dioxide as an accurate measurement of occupant presence and activity. Building odors and contaminants would be suitably controlled by this dilution methodology. ASHRAE codified a level of 1,000 ppm of carbon dioxide and specified the use of widely available sense-and-control equipment to assure compliance. The 1989 issue of ASHRAE 62.1-1989 published the whys and wherefores and overrode the 1981 requirements that were aimed at a ventilation level of 5,000 ppm of carbon dioxide (the OSHA workplace limit), federally set to minimize HVAC system energy consumption. This apparently ended the SBS epidemic.

Over time, building materials changed with respect to emissions potential. Smoking vanished and dramatic improvements in ambient air quality, coupled with code compliant ventilation and maintenance, per ASHRAE standards have all contributed to the acceptability of the indoor air environment.[49][50]

See also

[edit]
  • Aerotoxic syndrome
  • Air purifier
  • Asthmagen
  • Cleanroom
  • Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
  • Havana syndrome
  • Healthy building
  • Indoor air quality
  • Lead paint
  • Multiple chemical sensitivity
  • NASA Clean Air Study
  • Nosocomial infection
  • Particulates
  • Power tools
  • Renovation
  • Somatization disorder
  • Fan death

References

[edit]
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Martín-Gil J., Yanguas M. C., San José J. F., Rey-Martínez and Martín-Gil F. J. "Outcomes of research into a sick hospital". Hospital Management International, 1997, pp. 80–82. Sterling Publications Limited.
  • Åke Thörn, The Emergence and preservation of sick building syndrome, KI 1999.
  • Charlotte Brauer, The sick building syndrome revisited, Copenhagen 2005.
  • Michelle Murphy, Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty, 2006.
  • Johan Carlson, "Gemensam förklaringsmodell för sjukdomar kopplade till inomhusmiljön finns inte" [Unified explanation for diseases related to indoor environment not found]. Läkartidningen 2006/12.
  • Bulletin of the Transilvania University of BraÅŸov, Series I: Engineering Sciences • Vol. 5 (54) No. 1 2012 "Impact of Indoor Environment Quality on Sick Building Syndrome in Indian Leed Certified Buildings". by Jagannathan Mohan
[edit]
  • Best Practices for Indoor Air Quality when Remodeling Your Home, US EPA
  • Renovation and Repair, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools, US EPA
  • Addressing Indoor Environmental Concerns During Remodeling, US EPA
  • Dust FAQs, UK HSE Archived 2023-03-20 at the Wayback Machine
  • CCOHS: Welding - Fumes And Gases | Health Effect of Welding Fumes

 

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Durham Supply Inc

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Durham Supply Inc

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